Incontinence pads typically have a multi-layered structure, including at least a skin-friendly outer layer, an absorbent core layer, and a waterproof bottom layer. Common materials for the outer layer include pure cotton, colored cotton, cotton-linen blends, and bamboo charcoal fiber. Cotton-linen blends are durable, dimensionally stable, and easy to clean, but have poor absorbency; pure cotton has good absorbency, is soft and non-irritating, but wrinkles easily; bamboo charcoal fiber is breathable, highly absorbent, wear-resistant, and has natural antibacterial properties. Colored cotton fibers do not require chemical dyeing. The absorbent core layer often uses materials such as fluff pulp, superabsorbent polymers, and absorbent paper to quickly absorb and lock in moisture. The waterproof bottom layer typically uses materials such as TPU film and PE film to prevent liquid leakage.
Depending on the material and intended use, incontinence pads are divided into disposable incontinence pads and washable incontinence pads. For washable incontinence pads, a thickness of two to three layers is most suitable; too thick a layer affects breathability, while too thin a layer affects absorbency. Disposable diaper pads typically consist of a non-woven fabric surface layer combined with absorbent material and a waterproof bottom membrane; they are disposable after use. Some high-end or functional products employ multi-layered designs, such as variable frequency moisture-wicking systems, 3D surface layers, and dual-core absorbent cores, to enhance absorption speed, prevent backflow, and provide antibacterial and deodorizing capabilities.